s Search For Meaning - Viktor Frankl

Viktor Frankl’s concept regarding survival and fully living was developed through his observations and experiences in the concentration camps. He used his psychiatric training to discern the meanings of observations and to help himself become a better person. He uses analysis to develop his own concepts and describes them in steps throughout the book. When the prisoners first arrived at the camp most of them thought they would be spared at the last moment. The prisoners believed they had a chance of surviving, but this belief was eventually eliminated and it was at this time when the prisoners began to learn how to survive by using their internal strength. A sense of humor had emerged among the prisoners. This humor helped to get through some difficult situations they faced. Viktor also observed how much a person could really endure and still live. Even though the prisoners could not clean their teeth and were deprived of warmth and vitamins, they still were able to survive. The sores and abrasions on their hands did not suppurate despite the dirt that gathered on them from the hard labor. The challenge of staying alive under these wretched conditions was to have and maintain strong internal strength. During the time he spent in the camps, Viktor learned what was needed to survive and how to keep his internal strength despite his weakening external strength. During the second stage of Viktor’s psychological reaction, prisoners lost their sense of feeling and emotion toward events that would be emotional to people outside the camps. This was a result of the violent environment, which consisted of beatings of prisoners and the death of many others. The prisoners could no longer feel any disgust or horror since these emotions where very common. From Viktor’s professional point of view, this observation surprised him and also gave him a different point of view of the whole situation. The pain that hurt Viktor the most was the pa... 's Search For Meaning - Viktor Frankl Free Essays on Man\'s Search For Meaning - Viktor Frankl Viktor Frankl’s concept regarding survival and fully living was developed through his observations and experiences in the concentration camps. He used his psychiatric training to discern the meanings of observations and to help himself become a better person. He uses analysis to develop his own concepts and describes them in steps throughout the book. When the prisoners first arrived at the camp most of them thought they would be spared at the last moment. The prisoners believed they had a chance of surviving, but this belief was eventually eliminated and it was at this time when the prisoners began to learn how to survive by using their internal strength. A sense of humor had emerged among the prisoners. This humor helped to get through some difficult situations they faced. Viktor also observed how much a person could really endure and still live. Even though the prisoners could not clean their teeth and were deprived of warmth and vitamins, they still were able to survive. The sores and abrasions on their hands did not suppurate despite the dirt that gathered on them from the hard labor. The challenge of staying alive under these wretched conditions was to have and maintain strong internal strength. During the time he spent in the camps, Viktor learned what was needed to survive and how to keep his internal strength despite his weakening external strength. During the second stage of Viktor’s psychological reaction, prisoners lost their sense of feeling and emotion toward events that would be emotional to people outside the camps. This was a result of the violent environment, which consisted of beatings of prisoners and the death of many others. The prisoners could no longer feel any disgust or horror since these emotions where very common. From Viktor’s professional point of view, this observation surprised him and also gave him a different point of view of the whole situation. The pain that hurt Viktor the most was the pa...

Technology Dependence Essay Example

Technology Dependence Essay Example Technology Dependence Essay Technology Dependence Essay 26 April 2012 Technology Dependence I was fourteen years old when I received my first cell phone. It was Just your normal indestructible flip phone. It lasted me for about two and a half years even though it had a lot of wear and tear and didnt look the prettiest it still worked and I had no complaints. On my current phone I can access my email, watch movies, and download music all with Just a touch of a button and instantly its there on the screen. Its crazy how in Just five short years I went from having a phone that I could only make phone calls on to basically having my own portable computer and entertainment center on my phone. As you can see our society today knows their way around all the new technology, but yet the majority of them could not imagine what life would be like without it. In our society today parents are buying cell phones for their kids at younger and younger ages. More and more kids are becoming addicted to the latest gaming systems and couldnt imagine going an entire day without some type of technology fix. This is causing kids to not want to play outside and be active because they rather play on the latest phone, pad, Oxbow, or WI. Information technology has reached the mint where you can open up your computer or switch on your phone and talk to whomever you choose, know exactly where your friends are or what they are up to and find out what something means all with a mere click of a mouse (newness. Mom). Its crazy how much we take the technology we have today for granted. Kids these days dont understand how their parents and their grandparents and so on could have made it through a day without having a constant technology fix. Even worse they dont even realize that cell phones are actually apart of the recent technology in our society. The first cellular phone was invented in 1973, which really isnt that long ago. If you think about it ou r grandparents were in their thirties or so, and my own parents were only in their teens. Now looking at todays society compared to when it first came out almost every person you interact with has a cell phone and they always have it on them and some would even say they feel naked when they dont have their cell phone with them. More broadly, cell phones and computers have transformed life. They let people escape their cubicles and work anywhere. They shrink distances and handle countless mundane tasks, freeing up time for more exciting pursuits (anytime. Com). With all the new technology we have today you can figure out what anyone is doing within a matter of seconds without even calling them. With all the social networking sites now showing where people are when they post stuff you can Just look at someones backbone wall and figure out what city they are in or look at a tweet and figure out what street they were on when they posted it. Yet all the new technology isnt completely ruining our society as a whole, there are some good aspects that come out of it that actually benefit our society. Imaging studies show the brains of internet users become more efficient at finding information. And players of some video games develop better visual activity (anytime. Mom). Yet it doesnt help our some good in our young society today. But the extent that our young society is attached to these isnt helping as much as it really is hurting them in the long run. With all the smartness on the market today that have Gaps built into them its almost a necessity for experienced drivers to have for road trips or Just finding their way around new places all in the palm of your hand for a much c heaper price than a TOMATO, and it does so much more than Just tell you directions as you already know. Its sad to see what our society today is becoming with all the new and addictive technology we are being exposed to. People are now starting to crave fixes of technology and wouldnt even begin to imagine a day without any sort of fix, yet Just a decade ago most of it was nonexistent and we take it all for granted. In an article by Matt Richter, Attached to Technology and Paying a Price, Richer describes a young businessman in his late twenties and his addiction to technology, Even after he unplugs, he craves the stimulation he gets from his electronic gadgets. He forgets things like dinner plans and he has trouble focusing on his family. Our society today is starting to miss out on all the interpersonal connections and communication skills that we had a decade ago. We are basically starting to take all our new advances in technology for granted and arent realizing how much it is hurting us. If you sit back and think about it you dont really hear much about people actually sitting down together and having so called family time or at least a family dinner with no television on in the background or cell phones out. We are that addicted that we couldnt imagine turning our cells phones on silent mode and leaving them in a efferent room and have what used to be a normal family dinner with Just everybody sitting down, conversing and having a technology free dinner for once. As teenagers they cant imagine doing any of this. When parents get mad and tell them to put their phone away all they do is ignore them and either hide that they are doing it or Just roll their eyes and keep on typing away. Our young society knows their way around all the latest technology, which in some cases can be very beneficial but for the most part its Just killing all the communication and personal skills they grew up learning before being introduced to such thing as technology. Now if you look at all the new toys coming out for you kids to infants there is some type of electronic device incorporated into it somewhere. Just think back a few years and the big craze was how television was the major media that was affecting the young societys academics and attention span. But according to Daniel Anderson, professor of psychology at the University of Massachusetts, Multitasking using ubiquitous, interactive and highly stimulating computers and phones, appears to have a more powerful effect than TV. (anytime. Com) Its crazy to think that when parents were all concerned about the mount of television their kids were watching was affecting the brain to not even thinking about all the effects the new technology we have today is affecting the overall young societys brains on a daily basis. Im doing Backbone, Youth, having a conversion or two with a friend, listening to music at the same time. Im doing a million things at once, like a lot of people my age. Sometimes Ill say: I need to stop this and do my schoolwork, but I cant. After reading a quote from a kid who is in our young society today. What is it going to take to get people to realize it? Also will e be able to realize it before its too late to change anything? In 2008, people consumed three times as much information each day as they did in 1960 (anytime. Com). Just think 2008 was Just four short years ago and look how much our technology has advanced in those four short years. If you compare today to 1960 Im sure its a whole lot more than Just three times. We are losing intimacy with the natural world outside of all the new technology that we are being introduced to daily and becoming more addicted than ever. Im so addicted to this device that I stopped mid-bite to rush to send this message (WebMD. Com). Many young adults and even adults are actually guilty of doing this at least once and most do it daily. Mostly teens are guilty of this but they are not the only ones. Many young business men and women are guilty of having their blackberry glued to their hand and check it every ten seconds for what they think is the most important email of their life when they should be enjoying a nice lunch catching up with a close friend from college that is in visiting for the weekend. But instead we completely ignore the fact that they are sitting across the table from you and you end up ruining what should be a great time. According to Alan Eaton, Latin teacher at Woodside High School in California, Its a catastrophe, technology has led to a balkanization of their focus and duration of stamina, and the schools make the problem worse when they adopt the technology (anytime. Com). Now not all technology in schools is horrible like Eaton says it is but to the extent of what school systems are starting to incorporate is becoming more distracting for them to find ways to get on Backbone and Youth even if the websites a supposedly blocked. With the kids in our society today that grew up with all the latest technology they now their way around little road blocks like blocking certain web pages while they are at school. So instead of doing interactive math problems on the latest Macho they are instead playing with the WebMD and posting all the pictures online. Teachers, Administrators, and other school officials really think that bringing in the latest technology is helping students stay focused and learn more efficiently because of how this young society has been brought up. The advances in technology have gotten so bad that, Private information is now very easily obtained one can simply Google someone and instantly have his or her tactics appear on the screen (newness. Com). Just think millions of so called bored teenagers surfing the web and goggling random subjects and people on a daily basis have access to find out person qualities and some sites will even list what city and state you live in. Now most sites you have to pay to get more detailed information about yourself but its scary to know that if someone is willing to pay they could find out your exact address and possibly stalk you or even try and steal your identity with what information is out on the web for them to access about you. Technology advances nowadays is actually becoming a little bit scary because you just dont know what sites to trust in case somehow you get a virus from an ad that popped up or you accidental had a typo in the website you were going to and you ended up getting infected with a virus. Which in todays technology viruses are no longer restricted to computers but you can get them on your Macho, pad, phone, technology dependent society that we are, and are currently still building, would kill everyone because they wouldnt know what to do if they didnt have access to everything they supposedly need twenty-four/ seven, in the palm of our hand. Some of the bigger harms of the easy access to technology is giving kids more and more ways to bully others. Bullying used to be strictly in person, both verbal and physical. But nowadays kids are becoming more and more confident behind a computer screen in the comfort of their own home to say whatever they want to say and be tougher than they really are. Rather than in the past majority of kids wouldnt even think about bullying others because of consequences but with all the technology advances kids are Just becoming way to confident with a technology airier between them and the victim. Slanderous information sent out into cyberspace is difficult, if not impossible, to expunge. Cyber-bullying often takes the form of cyber gossip, where damaging content is based on whim; not facts, and is posted on social networking sites (Cameron. Org). Whats even worse is that nothing is being done to stop this and as our technology advances more every day, this is Just going to get worse. Schools systems act like they are trying to take care of the problem if it happens in one of their schools but in all reality they say they cant ally do anything because it is all on the internet and not happening directly on school grounds that they know of. So what is our technology dependent world coming too? Are we really Just going to lets things like cyber bullying, and hackers and viruses take over everything in our lives and end up ruining everything that we have worked hard for, for years before all of this evil technology was even invented. If we dont do something about changing some of our dependence on the technology we will end up having everything in our lives controlled by technology.

Impact of technology on Business Communication Essay

Impact of technology on Business Communication - Essay Example In fact, prospective clients or customers will be better impressed knowing they are dealing with businesses that have good business technology tools rather than one with out-dated resources. Business communication also involves internal contact and technology has also greatly improved this aspect in many organizations. With this, messages can be sent electronically instead of raising internal memos, which has a possibility of being missed when staffs are not informed. Managers travelling frequently can also keep in touch with the employees regularly and thus, obtain updates or resolve issues in an instant. Indeed, technology has allowed for a faster and more efficient way of business dealing. The creation of company websites and the availability of search engines mean businesses are at the advantage of reaching out to far more audiences, both internal and external parties, with the necessary information about the company, as well as its products and services. Of course, the benefits of technology are only apparent when users are ethical. Otherwise, it can do more harm than good.

Review a concert about jazz performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review a concert about jazz performance - Essay Example Interestingly, even though most true jazz musicians seek to distance themselves from the understanding the jazz is ultimately a form of dance music, society’s perception of jazz continues to be concentric upon the belief that jazz is ultimately an early form of modern dance music. Some various jazz songs could be said to incorporate this element where the musicians thought it would be healthier to do something different instead of the ordinary music production. Likewise, for purposes of this performance review, the author will focus upon the following pieces and analyze how they were played and how this author reacted to the music: Andy Page’s â€Å"Up-End Adam† and â€Å"Jazzin’ in Jazz Town†, Brian Heater’s â€Å"Imagination†, and Mitch Rivet’s â€Å"Dancing with Pinkie†. The first two pieces to be discussed, those composed by Andy Page was magnificent in that the audience instantly engaged with the content. The trumpet was the lead instrument in this performance, which appeared to guide the artists. It carried the melody of every tune. This was an interesting dynamic to note due to the fact that regardless of the musical genre that one seeks to discuss, ultimately a single instrument or a group of instruments will seek to differentiate themselves from the others as a means of providing a firm and solid lead. Oftentimes within classical music this is realized within the lead violin or other instrument. Similarly, within rock ‘n roll this is oftentimes realized with regards to the lead guitar. Invariably, jazz exhibits the same constraints and allows different instruments to perform the lead even within the same song; thereby helping to set jazz apart from the other forms of music that a previously been listed by way of the fact that it is able to integrate and incorporate a number of instruments within any given piece that all can serve as the lead instrument. The second song, also of Andy P age was not about the sharp nines, flat fives, substitutes’ chord or metric subdivisions. The feeling, message and honesty the artists gave the crowd was just phenomenal. What gave the performance an intellectual aspect was the emotional ends. A person could feel connected to the artist and his message. The mental aspect of the song was that, in the middle, it gave someone a funky feeling through the solos, which included drums beats, as well as the saxophones, being played unaccompanied. It was within this very performance that the impacts of jazz upon modern music could be seen. Although the saxophone is not necessarily seen as a contemporary instrument within popular music, the means by which the saxophone solo was utilized to invoke strong melodic realizations and a differentiation from the remainder of the piece was munch it can to the way that modern singers perform a capello segments within their own songs. Though jazz oftentimes incorporates a vocalist, the utilizatio n of the saxophone is almost indistinguishable from the way that a vocalist might operate within a jazz band. The trumpet, in this performance, was the loudest, cutting instrument, above all others. The instruments guided other soloists in carrying out their performances. It was like the "alpha" instrument. The fourth piece which will herein be discussed is that of Brian Heater’

Legal Research on the Preclusion by the Federal Law of the United Article

Legal Research on the Preclusion by the Federal Law of the United States of Formation of Legal Systems affecting Individuals - Article Example While mostly all the laws are embedded with the inherent responsibility of the protection of the rights of the individuals who are the citizens of the countries concerned, they are framed in such a way that they take as their matter of concern only a group of individuals. This also gives rise to thoughts about the role of the states in providing the legal frame work. Even from the ancient times of civilization, the role of the state has always been primary when designing and applying a specific legal framework and there had been no instances where the law makers had framed legal provisions that apply only to specific persons or the individuals involved. But it cannot be denied that the subsequent interpretations of the legal provisions had made various legal provisions favorable or unfavorable to individuals depending on the circumstances of the individual cases. But those situations could only be attributed to the lacunae in the legislations or the clever and efficient interpretations of the provisions put forth by the lawyers and the opinions of the judges formed on the basis of such interpretations and arguments. But still the world had witnessed intensive debates over the intervention of the state in the formulation of the legal framework that affected individuals voluntarily or involuntarily. A classic example of such an instance can be cited in the case of Schiavo1 in which all the academics, scholars, journalists, columnists and whoever can write or say something irrespective of their depth of knowledge vehemently debated the changes made by the Federal Laws only to affect the life of an individual in Schiavo. With this background I intend to present this paper on the ability of a country like United States to handle the Bills of Attainder or the legal framework made to control the acts or deeds, commissions or omissions of an individual. I also present though a series of researched materials, whether the Country was effective in doing so. I intend further to present to the readers a comprehensive theory on the same issue, as being handled in other developed nations like United Kingdom and Japan. The paper also makes known to the reader the impact of the legal framework on the lives of the individuals in a country like Russia where the State till recently had backed communist views that concern more about the individuals and the community more. Though many similarities can be found between the legislative frameworks of United States and the United Kingdom, I chose these two countries for comparison to show the differences in the approaches of the countries' legal systems in the protection of the individual citizens. In a similar way I presumed that the legislations in Russia once being a communist country should deal differently with the issue of the laws affecting individuals and hence the research on Russian legal

Overview Of Solar Cars Engineering Essay

Overview Of Solar Cars Engineering Essay Renewable energy is vital in the world today as in the near future non-renewable sources of energy will become scarce. The solar powered car is a step in saving these non-renewable sources of energy. The basic principle of the solar car is to use energy that is stored in a battery during and after charging it from a solar panel. The charged batteries are used to drive the motor which serves as an engine and moves the vehicle in a reverse or forward direction. Overview of Solar Cars Advantages: No longer needed to purchase gas or any other type of fuel Solar cars have no regular expense besides maintenance and repairs Doesnt produce any greenhouse gas emissions so it is environmentally friendly The use of solar cars as a combustion engine replacement will significantly reduce greenhouse emissions and improve air quality around the world Solar cars produce no noise Disadvantages: Solar cars dont have the same speed or power as a regular car that runs on gas While sunlight is free, the creation of PV cells to capture that sunlight is expensive. Costs for solar panels are steadily declining (22% cost reduction per doubling of production volume). The weather can directly affect the performance of the car, especially if it is dark outside Possible system layouts Fig.ure 1 : Basic block diagram representation of a solar vehicle Source: Wamborikar, 2010. Solar cars are powered by the suns energy. The main component of a solar powered car is its solar array or panel, which collects the energy from the sun and converts it into usable electrical energy. The solar cells collect a portion of the suns energy and store it into the batteries of the solar car. Before that happens, a peak power tracker (maximum power point tracker) converts the energy collected from the solar array to the proper system voltage, so that the batteries and the motor can use it. Once the energy is stored in the batteries, it is available to be used by the DC motor and motor controller to drive the car. The motor controller adjusts the amount of energy that flows to the motor to correspond to the throttle. The motor uses that energy to drive the wheels. The primary energy source for a solar powered car is the battery. The battery has a number of individual batteries connected inside which are in series or parallel. Each battery is typically 6V or 12V, and multiple batteries are connected in series or parallel to acquire the optimum system voltage. A single battery is made from multiple cells contained within the battery housing. The overall battery voltage is chosen depending on the motors EMF constant and the desired nominal driving speed. In order to get the most efficient operation of the drive system, the battery voltage is chosen so that the motor controller can operate with minimal pulse width modulation at the maximum speed of the car. Nevertheless, the battery voltage, especially for lead-acid batteries, fluctuates considerably around the nominal battery voltage, from full charge to maximum discharge. This is why, the nominal battery voltage is chosen so that the lowest possible battery voltage is able to sustain a reasonable speed. An alternative solution to this problem is to put in a boost or buck converter in the motor controller so that a desirable speed can be obtained for any battery voltage. Fundamentals and Application of Photovoltaics in Solar Vehicles The bond model uses the covalent bonds joining the silicon atoms to describe semiconductor behaviour. In the figure below, it illustrates the bonding and the movement of electrons in a silicon crystal lattice. Figure 2: Representation of covalent bonds in a silicon crystal lattice Source: Wenham, 2007At low temperatures, the bonds are intact and the silicon behaves as an insulator. At high temperatures, some bonds are broken and conduction can occur by two processes: electrons from broken bonds are free to move and electrons from neighbouring bonds can also move into the hole created in the broken bond, allowing the broken bond or hole to propagate as if it had a positive charge. It is also possible to shift the balance of electrons and holes in a semi conductor (silicon crystal lattice by doping it with other atoms. Atoms with one more valence electron than the semiconductor are used to produce n-type material. Meanwhile, atoms with one less valence electron results in p-type material (Wenham, 2007). This can be seen in figure 3. Figure 3: Source: Wenham, 2007 Figure 4: Diagram of a P-N Junction Source: Nave, 2005. A p-n  junction is formed by joining  n-type and  p-type semiconductor materials. Since the  n-type region has a high electron concentration and the  p-type a high hole concentration, electrons diffuse from the  n-type side to the  p-type side. Similarly, holes flow by diffusion from the  p-type side to then-type side. If the electrons and holes werent charged, this diffusion process would continue until the concentration of electrons and holes on the two sides were the same. However, in a  p-n  junction, when the electrons and holes move to the other side of the junction, they leave behind exposed charges on  dopant  atom sites, which are fixed in the crystal lattice and are unable to move. An electric field forms between the positive ion cores in the  n-type material and negative ion cores in the  p-type material. This region is called the depletion region since the electric field pushes the free carriers out, hence the region is depl eted of free carriers. A built in potential (Vbi)  is formed due to the electrified created at the junction. Figure 5 Source: Wenham, 2007When sunlight falls onto the semiconductor material, photons with energy (Eph) lower than the band gap energy (Eg) interact insubstantially with the semiconductor, passing through it as if it were transparent. But, photons with energy greater than the band gap energy (Eph > Eg) interact with electrons in covalent bonds, using up their energy to break bonds and to create electron-hole pairs which can then move about independently. Also, higher energy photons (red light) are absorbed closer to the surface of the semiconductor than lower energy photons (blue light). The open circuit voltage (VOC) of a solar cell is the voltage measured when there is no current passing through the cell. The top side of the solar cell is of negative voltage and the bottom is positive. The open circuit voltage is independent of the size of the solar cell, and is determined by the materials the cell is made of (refer to Appendix 2). The short circuit current (ISC) of a solar cell corresponds to the current measured when the solar cell is short circuited (Fig. 2.11), the voltage equals 0. The electric current  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows from the bottom (+) of the cell to the top of the cell (-) when the solar cell is under illumination (refer to Appendix 2). In advanced solar cars, they include a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) which maximizes the amount of current going into the battery from the solar array by lowering the panels output voltage which increases the charging amps to the battery. The maximum power output of a solar cell is at the maximum power point (MPP), wher e the product of voltage and current is a maximum (refer to Appendix 2). When solar cells are connected in parallel, the output current is the sum of the currents from the individual cells, and output voltage remains the same to that of a single cell (proven by data, refer to Appendix 1). When solar cells are connected in series, the output voltage is the sum of the voltage from each cell, where the output current stays the same (proven by data, refer to Appendix 1). Therefore, the optimum alignment for solar cells on a solar car would be in series. This is because the MPPT needs more voltage as it extracts the solar cells output voltage in order to maximize the amount of current going into the battery. Source: Blimpy, 2010. How a solar cell works Figure 6: A diagram of a solar cell. Source: Lollini, 2010. The photovoltaic effect used in solar cells allows direct conversion of light energy from the sun into electricity, by the generation and transport inside a semiconductor material, of positive and negative electric charges, through the action of light. This material features two regions, one exhibiting an excess of electrons, the other an electron deficit, resistively referred to as n-type doped and p-type doped. When the two are brought into contact with the silicon, excess electrons from the n-material diffuse into the p-material. The initially n-doped region becomes positively charged and the initially p-doped region is negatively charged. An electric field is thus made between them, tending to force electrons back into the n-region and holes back into the p-region. Then a p-n junction is setup and by placing metallic contacts on the n and p regions, a diode is acquired. When the p-n junction makes contact with light, the photons having energy equal to or hi gher than the width of the forbidden band or band gap yield their energy to the atoms, where each photon causes an electron to move from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving behind a hole, also able to move around the material thus, giving rise to an electron-hole pair. If a load is to be positioned at the cells terminals, electrons from the n-region will migrate back to the holes in the p-region, by way of the outside connection, giving rise to a potential difference- an electric current passes. Importance of Correct System Design and Sizing / Non-shading The main point that should be kept in mind while making a solar vehicle is the mounting of the solar panel. The panel should be mounted in such a way that it receives maximum sun rays so that it gives maximum efficiency. Since the sun is at a different angle to the ground all the, so the solar panels need to be directed according to this positioning.  The ideal situation is when the suns rays are colliding with the panels at a perpendicular angle of 90 °(proven by data, refer to Appendix 4). This  maximizes  the amount of energy hitting the panels and being produced. The two factors that affect the angle as such are controlled by the orientations (north, south, east, and west) and the angle of the panels from the ground. The main feature of any solar is its array of solar cells. An ideal solar cell would be made of expensive gallium arsenide which are nearly 30% efficient. However a cheaper alternative can be used such as ultra pure monocrystalline silicon which can reach efficiencies of over 20%. Selecting the solar cell with higher efficiency means the less surface area needed so the solar vehicle is able to carry less weight and travel at a faster speed. Therefore, itd be recommended to use a small solar panel with a high efficiency rate so then sizing is not important. For maximum power efficiency in a solar powered car, the solar panels should be in full contact with the suns rays. If a single cell is somewhat shaded by even a small object, it can create a power drop as much as 50%. This is because the cells in a panel are connected in a series string, so if one cell is shaded, then the rest dont work properly (proven by data, refer to Appendix 5). To reduce the effects of shading, the strings are usually kept short and paralleled as much as possible. Having lots of parallel strings is good, because whatever currents are generated can be added together, while the voltage of each string remains relatively similar with or without light. Voltages of parallel strings are taken as the average voltage of each string. An example of how a module might be wired is shown below. Source: Sanghster, 2006. Safety Issues Since the solar powered car is run by a DC motor, there are safety issues with direct current. If a person is electrocuted, electric currents can produce severe burns in the body, particularly at the points of contact to the circuit, as the electrical power dissipates across the bodys resistance. Electric shock can only occur when contact is made between two points of a circuit, and when a voltage is applied across a victims body. Since direct current moves in one direction through a conductor, it has the tendency to incite muscular tetanus, even at low voltages. Victims are often unable to let go of a DC conductor because of the continuous motion and stable voltage. Also, DC electricity tends to make the heart stand still. Conclusion It is essential that the design of solar cars are efficient, safe and takes into account the specific requirements and limitations. For example, in order for the solar car to run on solar power it needs a lot of power and an optimum angle needs to be decided to maximise this power output. It is best to use a MPPT to maximize the current going into the battery and to choose an efficient solar array or panel. This being said, the solar car can have a significant impact on the reduction of unhealthy greenhouse gas emissions and help prevent global warming. We need to make use of solar powered cars so that we can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.

Women and Literacy Essay -- Education Females Women Essays

Women and Literacy The recent United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women concluded that if women are to advance their status socially, economically, and politically, they must have access to high quality education (Albright 1996). Although women in the United States have steadily increased their educational status, millions still have a problem obtaining appropriate education and training because "[r]ace, class, and gender assumptions organize American society in ways that put all women, but especially low-income women, at a disadvantage" (Laubach Literacy Action [LLA], "Facts about Women's Lives" n.d., p. 1). The fact that 23 percent of the women in the United States aged 25 and over have not gone beyond high school (ibid.) reveals that, as a group, women are still educationally disadvantaged. More than 50% of new enrollments in federally funded adult basic education programs are women (Development Associates 1993), but until recently little attention has been given to the needs of women literacy learners in the United States. Fortunately, that situation is changing. Georgia State University's Center for the Study of Adult Literacy has begun sponsoring conferences on women and literacy. Since 1994, when it began Women in Literacy/USA, LLA has been been providing financial support to programs that empower women as well as developing a network of programs serving women (LLA, "Project Overview" n.d.). There is also a growing literature base to support work with women literacy learners. Although much of this information has been generated abroad (e.g., Canada, Australia, and Great Britain), it raises issues that have relevance for programs in the United States, including the following: Goals and Purposes. As descr... ...ress or cognitive improvement) with the ideological model of literacy (that which suggests that literacy is multilevel and embedded in whole cultures), the author argues for separate literacy courses for women. Organizations Canadian Congress for Learning Opportunities for Women, 47 Main Street, Toronto, Ontario M4E 2V6, Canada, (416) 699-1909 Center for the Study of Adult Literacy, Georgia State University, University Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083; (404) 651-2405 ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education, 1900 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1090; (614) 292-4353 or (800) 848-4814, ext. 4-7686; E-mail: ericacve@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu Laubach Literacy Action, 1320 Jamesville Avenue, Box 131, Syracuse, NY 13210; (315) 422-9121 Wider Opportunities for Women, 815 15th Street, NW, Suite 916, Washington, DC 20005; (202) 638-3143